Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act (B-BBEE Act)
Act 53 of 2003
Provides the empowerment-compliance context often used in public-sector supplier evaluation.
Relevant because this is a South African public-sector procurement opportunity.
Issuing Organization
South African Local Government AssociationLocation
Gauteng
Closing Date
11 Sept 2026
Documents available on tender detail page
Tender Type
Request for Bid(Open-Tender)
Delivery Location
175 Corobay Avenue - Waterkloof glen - Pretoria - 0002
Organization Type
GOVERNMENT
Published
21 Aug 2026
OCDS Reference
ocds-9t57fa-166573
SALGA seeks to appoint a panel of service providers to support municipalities and municipal entities in improving their audit outcomes through the municipal audit support programme (masp) for 36 months. Bidders must submit a comprehensive proposal demonstrating understanding, methodology, and relevant experience, with evaluation based on 80/20 preference points and functionality.
Bidders must be registered on the Central Supplier Database (CSD) and submit a CSD Summary Report.
Bidders must be tax compliant at the time of award.
Bidders must submit a completed and signed Bidder's Disclosure, SBD 6.1 (Preference Points Claim Form), and SBD 6.2 (Declaration for Local Production and Content).
Bidders must provide at least 3 written and contactable references.
Bidders must submit a valid BBBEE Status Level Verification Certificate or sworn affidavit (for EMEs and QSEs).
Proposals must be submitted online via the SALGA Supplier Portal or emailed to [email protected] by 11 Sep 2026 11:00.
Proposals must be valid for 120 days from the closing date; prices must be fixed and firm.
Bidders must submit a project plan, management plan, and methodology in line with the scope of work, and demonstrate comprehensive understanding of key deliverables.
Bidders must have key personnel with relevant experience and certificates (over 10 years for maximum points).
Date & Time
Friday, 11 September 2026 - 11:00
Venue
null
Categories
Request for Bid(Open-Tender)
175 Corobay Avenue - Waterkloof glen - Pretoria - 0002
21 Aug
2026
Tender Published
Tender was published
11 Sept
2026
Closing Date
Tender closing date
These references help suppliers understand the public-procurement framework around this opportunity. They are generated from the tender category, issuing organisation type and procurement context.
Bid document -Project A.pdf
Appointment of a panel of service providers to support municipalities and municipal entities in improving their municipal audit outcomes through the SALGA Municipal Audit Support Programme (MASP) for a period of 36 months. The contract is issued by the South African Local Government Association (SALGA) and is open to bidders nationally.
Continue with tenders sharing this issuer, category, or province.
Median Estimate
R 611 791
Range
Based on 25 comparable awarded tenders. Companies with similar profiles typically bid near the median.
* Estimates are based on historical data and do not guarantee actual award values.
Learn how to submit a winning bid with these related articles
Win consulting, legal, accounting, and engineering service contracts with government. Learn registration requirements and proposal strategies.
Win government insurance, banking, actuarial, and financial consulting contracts. FSCA licensing requirements and tender strategies for financial service providers.
Master the art of the consulting bid. How to structure your methodology, price your services competitively, and score maximum evaluation points.
A professional guide for law firms to join the provincial and municipal legal panels in Gauteng, covering compliance, specialization, and bidding.
💡 Want more tendering tips and strategies?
Explore Our BlogAI Document Analysis Stages
We refine every tender document through these stages so you can brief your team and prepare your bid with confidence. Anything marked as "in progress" will be upgraded automatically — no action required from you.
Description
Source: Bid document -Project A.pdfSALGA072026 (A) Request for Proposals to appoint a panel of service providers to support municipalities and municipal entities to improve their municipal audit outcomes through the SALGA MASP for a period of 36 months. Acquisition number: 20260708000213380101500. Issue date: 08 Jul 2026. Closing date and time: 11 Sep 2026 11:00. Validity period: 120 days from closing date.
Important Dates
Source: Bid document -Project A.pdf (RFP)Closing date and time: 11 Sep 2026 11:00. Deadline for clarification questions: 28 Aug 2026 23:59. Bidders can register for a briefing session (if any) through the SALGA Supplier Portal.
Briefing Session
Source: Bid document -Project A.pdf (RFP)Bidders can register for a briefing session (if any) through the SALGA Supplier Portal. Clarification questions must be submitted through the portal by 28 Aug 2026 23:59.
Contact Information
Source: Bid document -Project A.pdf (RFP)Enquiries: Supply Chain Management Department, Tel: 012 369 8000, Email: [email protected]. Bidding documents available at SALGA Supplier Portal under Bid Number 20260708000213380101500.
Submission Guidelines
Source: Bid document -Project A.pdf (RFP)Proposals must be submitted online through the SALGA Supplier Portal at https://scmportal.salga.org.za, or emailed to [email protected], by 11 Sep 2026 11h00. Late proposals will not be accepted. All proposals must be on the official forms provided, not retyped. All pages must be initialled. Returnable documents: valid proposal and quotation, signed Bidder's Disclosure, completed and signed SBD 6.1, B-BBEE certificate or sworn affidavit, CIDB certificate (if applicable). Failure to comply with any mandatory requirement may render the bid invalid.
Returnable Documents
Source: Bid document -Project A.pdf (RFP)Mandatory requirements checklist: valid proposal and quotation, all pages of RFP initialled, signed Bidder's Disclosure, completed and signed SBD 6.1, BBBEE certificate or affidavit, CIDB certificate (if applicable).
Evaluation Criteria
Source: Bid document -Project A.pdf (RFP)Evaluation uses the PPR 2022 80/20 points system. Total points: 100 (Price 80, Preference 20). Preference points: B-BBEE Status Level (Level 1: 10, Level 2: 9, Level 3: 7, Level 4: 6, Level 5: 4, Level 6: 3, Level 7: 2, Level 8: 1), Black Female Shareholding (>=100%: 3), Black Youth Shareholding (>=100%: 3), SMME (EME or QSE: 4). Functionality criteria (100 points): Support municipalities to improve audit outcomes (20 points) - 0 for lack of understanding, 10 for understanding of key deliverables, 20 for comprehensive understanding; Approach and Methodology (40 points) - 0 for no project plan, 20 for submission of project plan and methodology, 40 for detailed project plan and management plan; Company Experience (20 points) - 0 for no reference letters, 5 for 1, 10 for 2, 20 for 3 relevant reference letters; Experience of key personnel (20 points) - 0 for no certificates/experience, 10 for certificates and up to 10 years experience, 20 for certificates and over 10 years experience. Bidders must be registered on the CSD and submit a CSD Summary Report. Bidders must be tax compliant at time of award. Bidders must not be listed on the Register for Tender Defaulters or the List of Restricted Suppliers.
Technical Specifications
Source: Bid document -Project A.pdf (RFP)The scope is to appoint a panel of service providers to support municipalities and municipal entities to improve their municipal audit outcomes through the SALGA Municipal Audit Support Programme (MASP) for a period of 36 months. Item 1: Support to Municipalities, Vatable: YES, Quantity: 1, Unit of Measure: Ea.
Financial Requirements
Source: Bid document -Project A.pdf (RFP)Prices must be fixed and firm, rounded to two decimal places. All-inclusive prices required per item. VAT-registered bidders must show unit prices exclusive of VAT and total inclusive and exclusive of VAT. Non-VAT-registered bidders must show prices exclusive of VAT. Proposals over R1,000,000,000 (inclusive of VAT) will not be accepted. Quotes must be valid for 120 days from the closing date.
Compliance Requirements
Source: Bid document -Project A.pdf (RFP)Bidders must be registered on the National Treasury Central Supplier Database (CSD) and submit a CSD Summary Report. Tax compliance status will be checked on the CSD at time of award. Bidders must submit a valid B-BBEE Status Level Verification Certificate or Sworn Affidavit (for EMEs and QSEs). Bidders must not be persons in the service of the state, nor have directors/members in the service of the state, unless proof of authority to undertake remunerative work outside public sector employment is provided. Bidders must not be listed on the Register for Tender Defaulters or the List of Restricted Suppliers. Returnable forms: Bidder's Disclosure (declaration on employment by organ of state and independent bid determination), SBD 6.1 (Preference Points Claim), SBD 6.2 (Declaration for Local Production and Content for Designated Sectors), General Conditions of Contract. At least 3 written and contactable references required.
Requirements
Source: Bid document -Project A.pdf (RFP)Eligibility criteria: 1. Bidders must be registered on National Treasury's Central Supplier Database (CSD) and submit proof of registration (CSD Summary Report). 2. Bidders must be tax compliant at time of award. 3. Bidder's Disclosure duly completed and signed. 4. Preference Points Claim Form (SBD 6.1) duly completed and signed. 5. General Conditions of Contract duly completed and signed. 6. At least 3 written and contactable references. 7. Declaration Certificate for Local Production and Content for Designated Sectors (SBD 6.2) duly completed and signed. 8. A valid BBBEE Status Level Verification Certificate or a Sworn Affidavit.
These rules commonly apply to South African public-sector procurement.
Act 53 of 2003
Provides the empowerment-compliance context often used in public-sector supplier evaluation.
Relevant because this is a South African public-sector procurement opportunity.
Act 108 of 1996 (s217)
Sets the constitutional standard for fair, equitable, transparent, competitive and cost-effective public procurement.
Relevant because this is a South African public-sector procurement opportunity.
Act 5 of 2000
Covers preferential procurement and preference-point systems used in public tenders.
Relevant because this is a South African public-sector procurement opportunity.
Act 12 of 2004
Supports anti-corruption controls and supplier integrity in procurement processes.
Relevant because this is a South African public-sector procurement opportunity.
Act 28 of 2024
Provides the national framework for public procurement across government.
Relevant because this is a South African public-sector procurement opportunity.
Act 2 of 2000
Supports access to tender records, award decisions and public-sector procurement information.
Relevant because this is a South African public-sector procurement opportunity.
Act 3 of 2000
Supports lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair administrative tender decisions.
Relevant because this is a South African public-sector procurement opportunity.
This is general procurement context, not legal advice. Always verify requirements in the official tender documents and issuing authority notices.
Bid document -Project A.pdf
The South African Local Government Association (SALGA) is appointing a panel of service providers to support municipalities and municipal entities in improving their municipal audit outcomes through the Municipal Audit Support Programme (MASP), for a period of 36 months. The contract is for Project A and will be awarded under the 80/20 preferential procurement system.
SALGA-07-2026 (PROJECT A).pdf
This is a Request for Proposals (RFP) for the appointment of a panel of service providers to support municipalities in improving their audit outcomes, revenue management, and financial sustainability. The contract (Project A) will run for an estimated period of 36 months, commencing upon award and concluding upon the completion of the defined scope. Bidders must note the final closing date of 11 September 2026 for proposals. The programme will focus on municipalities identified by SALGA, with work including, but not limited to, pre-audit, during-audit and post-audit support, financial modelling, revenue enhancement, and compliance with the Municipal Finance Management Act (MFMA) and related legislation.
To download these documents and access AI-powered analysis, visit the main tender page.
Organization
South African Local Government AssociationContact Person
Lucky Nkomo
Phone
012-369-8185
[email protected]
Address
175 Corobay Avenue - Waterkloof glen - Pretoria - 0002
Source confidence
High source confidence
Official source
eTenders.gov.za
Documents found
3
Last checked
21 Aug 2026
AI status
Enhanced
This tender has strong source evidence, including source metadata and supporting tender information synced from the government tender portal.
Tenders SA is not the issuing authority. All tenders are automatically synced from the official government tender portal. Always confirm final submission details, closing dates, briefing sessions, eligibility requirements, and documents on the official government portal before applying.
Key Personnel
Free guidance to prepare before you bid
Not sure if your business is ready for this tender? Check CSD, CIDB, and B-BBEE requirements, run a readiness assessment, and move from opportunity to submission.
Open Supplier Readiness HubDescription
Source: SALGA-07-2026 (PROJECT A).pdfThe assignment is to appoint a panel of service providers to support municipalities and their entities in improving audit outcomes through the Municipal Audit Support Programme (MASP). The programme is collaborative and multi-disciplinary, built on four pillars: financial management, leadership, governance and institutional capacity. Providers will deliver hands-on support to selected municipalities over a four-year period, aiming to reduce audit findings and improve audit outcomes. Objectives include: reducing audit findings, improving audit outcomes, conducting applied research and developing alternative revenue models, improving revenue generation and collection, providing technical advice on Section 118 of the Municipal Systems Act, financial modelling and scenario planning, and providing accredited or unaccredited capacity building to councillors and officials.
Important Dates
Source: SALGA-07-2026 (PROJECT A).pdf (RFP)Closing date and time: 11 September 2026 at 11:00 am.
Last day for questions: 11 September 2026 (note: clarification questions will only be taken up to four days prior to the closing date, i.e. 7 September 2026).
No briefing session or site visit is stated.
Contact Information
Source: SALGA-07-2026 (PROJECT A).pdf (RFP)Enquiries: Mr. Lucky Nkomo, Senior Buyer: SCM, at [email protected], SALGA National Office, tel 012 369 8184.
Clarification questions will only be taken up to four days prior to the closing date.
Bidders finding discrepancies or omissions must inform SALGA via [email protected] before the closing date.
Submission Guidelines
Source: SALGA-07-2026 (PROJECT A).pdf (RFP)Submission channel: proposals must be submitted through the SALGA SCM portal at https://scmportal.salga.org.za/. Proposals submitted through any other platform will not be considered. Bidders must register on the portal for their proposals to be considered. Proposals remain valid and irrevocable for 120 days after the closing date. SALGA is not responsible for any costs incurred in preparing responses.
Returnable documents (all must be completed in full and signed on the SupplyFlow portal):
Disqualification risks:
Returnable Documents
Source: SALGA-07-2026 (PROJECT A).pdf (RFP)Standard bidding forms: Preference Points Claim Form (SBD 6.1) – bidders must complete in full, with special attention to sections 12 and 13, signed on the SupplyFlow portal. Bidder's Disclosure (SBD 4) – complete in full and signed on the SupplyFlow portal. Bid Invitation (SBD 1) – complete in full and signed on the SupplyFlow portal. Pricing Schedule – note that bidders will not be evaluated on price and B-BBEE as this is a panel of service provider request.
Evaluation Criteria
Source: SALGA-07-2026 (PROJECT A).pdf (RFP)Evaluation is in two phases:
Bidders scoring 70 points and above will be recommended for the panel. Bidders are not evaluated on price or B-BBEE as this is a panel of service providers request.
Technical Specifications
Source: SALGA-07-2026 (PROJECT A).pdf (RFP)Scope: Appointment of a panel of service providers to support municipalities and municipal entities to improve their municipal audit outcomes through the Municipal Audit Support Programme (MASP) – Project A, for a period of 36 months.
Purpose: Provide hands-on support to selected municipalities over a four-year period to reduce audit findings and improve audit outcomes.
Key tasks (hands-on audit support):
Additional objectives: undertake applied research and develop alternative revenue models (water & electricity transition), improve revenue generation and collection, provide technical advice on Section 118 of the Municipal Systems Act, conduct financial modelling and scenario planning, and provide accredited/unaccredited capacity building to councillors and officials.
Experience & Qualifications
Source: SALGA-07-2026 (PROJECT A).pdfCompany experience: Bidders must provide a proven track record in delivering similar or comparable projects related to Local Government Audits, substantiated by contactable references. References must be for similar or related work; otherwise they will not be considered. Scoring: 0 points for no relevant reference letter, 5 for 1, 10 for 2, 20 for 3.
Key personnel experience: Certified copies of certificates of registration with a recognised professional body, and CVs of key personnel reflecting years of relevant experience in Local Government Audit. Scoring: 0 points for no certificates and no confirmation of experience, 10 for certificates provided and up to 10 years of relevant experience, 20 for certificates and over 10 years of relevant experience.
Pricing Schedule
Source: SALGA-07-2026 (PROJECT A).pdfDelivery approach and fees: The service provider will implement hands-on support based on an intervention plan approved by SALGA annually. Human resources will be based at the municipality. To contain costs, deployed human resources shall be limited to charge-out rates based on Assistant Manager level (adapted from AGSA 2025/26 rates), as tabulated: Graduate (B.Com. degree) R 700 per hour; Semi-professional (Honours / CTA) R 850 per hour; ITC (QE1) / APC (QE2) R 1,000 per hour; Professional (CA, RGA, ACCA) R 1,250 per hour (all excl. VAT). The implementation plan shall be broken down into project milestones. The service provider shall avail a senior official/director/partner to attend project steering committee meetings convened by SALGA.
Financial Requirements
Source: SALGA-07-2026 (PROJECT A).pdf (RFP)Pricing: Bidders will not be evaluated on price as this is a panel appointment.
Charge-out rates (excl. VAT) are capped at Assistant Manager level, adapted from AGSA 2025/26 rates:
Implementation plan must be broken down into project milestones. The service provider must avail a senior official/director/partner to attend project steering committee meetings convened by SALGA.
No bonds, guarantees, or payment terms are stated.
Compliance Requirements
Source: SALGA-07-2026 (PROJECT A).pdf (RFP)CSD registration: Bidders are advised to be registered on the Central Supplier Database (CSD) before submitting bids. Failure to do so does not automatically disqualify the bid.
Returnable forms (must be completed in full and signed on the SupplyFlow portal):
Other requirements:
Contractual Terms
Source: SALGA-07-2026 (PROJECT A).pdfIntellectual property and ownership of all materials and products developed during the contract will vest in SALGA. Materials and products may not be made available to unauthorised persons or institutions, or sold for profit, without prior written consent. On completion or termination, all materials and products must be handed over to SALGA. No information concerning the tender or award may be disclosed without prior consultation and written approval. SALGA may vary the instruction to include more scope/work or exclude work/service areas. All copyright and intellectual property rights resulting from the work shall reside with SALGA, and the service provider shall sign a confidentiality agreement. SALGA may dictate the framework in which documents shall be submitted. SALGA's general conditions of bid, contract and order shall apply. SALGA reserves the right not to award the bid to any bidder at its own discretion.
Special Conditions
Source: SALGA-07-2026 (PROJECT A).pdf (RFP)Submission of proposal: Bid proposals shall be submitted through the SALGA SCM portal at https://scmportal.salga.org.za/. Service providers are encouraged to register on the portal for their proposals to be considered. Bid proposals submitted through other platforms will NOT be considered. SALGA will not be responsible for any costs incurred by bidders associated with the preparation of responses. All proposals will remain in force and will be irrevocable for 120 days after the proposal closing.
Section
Source: SALGA-07-2026 (PROJECT A).pdfEvaluation is in two phases: Phase 1 Pre-Compliance Check and Phase 2 Technical Functionality. Phase 1: Bidders are advised to be registered on the Central Supplier Database (CSD) before submitting; failure does not automatically disqualify. Phase 2 Technical Functionality (100 points total, minimum threshold 70): 1) Understanding of SALGA requirements and key deliverables in the executive summary (20 points). 2) Approach and Methodology – comprehensiveness and clarity of proposal, approach, methodology, and a detailed project plan (40 points). 3) Company Experience – proven track record in similar projects related to Local Government Audits, substantiated by contactable references (20 points). 4) Experience of key personnel – certified copies of certificates of registration with a recognised professional body and CVs reflecting years of relevant experience in Local Government Audit (20 points). Bidders scoring 70 points and above will be recommended for the panel. Bidders will not be evaluated on price and B-BBEE as this is a panel of service providers request.
Important Dates
Source: Bid document -Project A.pdf (RFP)Closing date and time: 11 Sep 2026 11:00. Deadline for clarification questions: 28 Aug 2026 23:59. No briefing session is stated.
Submission Guidelines
Source: Bid document -Project A.pdf (RFP)Proposals must be submitted online through the SALGA Supplier Portal at https://scmportal.salga.org.za, or emailed to [email protected], by 11 Sep 2026 11h00. Late proposals will not be accepted. All proposals must be on the official forms provided and all pages must be initialled. Bidders must sign up on the portal using their CSD Supplier Number and Unique Registration Reference Number. Returnable documents include: signed Bidder's Disclosure, completed and signed SBD 6.1, BBBEE certificate or sworn affidavit, CIDB certificate (if applicable), and a valid proposal and quotation. Bidders must be registered on the CSD. Proposals over R1,000,000,000 (inclusive of VAT) will not be accepted. No goods or services may be delivered before an official order is received.
Returnable Documents
Source: Bid document -Project A.pdf (RFP)Mandatory returnable documents: valid proposal and quotation, all pages of the RFP initialled, signed Bidder's Disclosure, completed and signed SBD 6.1, BBBEE certificate or affidavit, CIDB certificate (if applicable).
Evaluation Criteria
Source: Bid document -Project A.pdf (RFP)Evaluation uses the PPR 2022 80/20 points system, with 80 points for price and 20 for preference points. Preference points: BBBEE Status Level (Level 1: 10, 2: 9, 3: 7, 4: 6, 5: 4, 6: 3, 7: 2, 8: 1), Black Female Shareholding (>=100%: 3), Black Youth Shareholding (>=100%: 3), SMME (EME or QSE: 4). Functionality criteria (100 points): Support municipalities and municipal entities to improve audit outcomes through SALGA MASP (20 points) - 0 for lack of understanding, 10 for understanding of key deliverables, 20 for comprehensive understanding. Approach and Methodology (40 points) - 0 for no project plan, 20 for submission of project plan and methodology, 40 for detailed project plan and management plan. Company Experience (20 points) - 0 for no reference letters, 5 for 1, 10 for 2, 20 for 3 relevant reference letters. Experience of key personnel (20 points) - 0 for no certificates, 10 for certificates and up to 10 years experience, 20 for certificates and over 10 years experience.
Technical Specifications
Source: Bid document -Project A.pdf (RFP)The scope is to appoint a panel of service providers to support municipalities and municipal entities to improve their municipal audit outcomes through the SALGA Municipal Audit Support Programme (MASP) for a period of 36 months. The service is itemised as 'Support to Municipalities', quantity 1, unit 'Ea'. Bidders must submit a project plan, management plan and methodology approach in line with the scope of work. The plan should outline the details of all elements of the opinion development to close out. A comprehensive understanding of key deliverables is required.
Experience & Qualifications
Source: Bid document -Project A.pdfCompany Experience: 0 points for no relevant reference letters, 5 for 1, 10 for 2, 20 for 3 relevant reference letters. Experience of key personnel: 0 points for no certificates and no confirmation of experience, 10 for certificates provided and up to 10 years of relevant experience, 20 for certificates provided and over 10 years of relevant experience.
Financial Requirements
Source: Bid document -Project A.pdf (RFP)Prices must be fixed and firm, rounded to two decimal places. All quotes must be valid for 120 days from the closing date. VAT-registered bidders must show unit prices exclusive of VAT and the total inclusive and exclusive of VAT. Non-VAT-registered bidders must show prices exclusive of VAT. Proposals over R1,000,000,000 (inclusive of VAT) will not be accepted.
Compliance Requirements
Source: Bid document -Project A.pdf (RFP)Bidders must be registered on National Treasury's Central Supplier Database (CSD) and submit a CSD Summary Report. Tax compliance will be checked on the CSD at the time of award. Bidders must submit a valid BBBEE Status Level Verification Certificate or a sworn affidavit (for EMEs and QSEs). A completed and signed SBD 6.1 (Preference Points Claim Form) is required. A completed and signed SBD 6.2 (Declaration for Local Production and Content) is required. A completed and signed Bidder's Disclosure is required. At least 3 written and contactable references are required. CIDB certificate is required if applicable. No proposals from persons in the service of the state unless proof of authority to undertake remunerative work outside the public sector is provided.
Special Conditions
Source: Bid document -Project A.pdf (RFP)Proposals must be submitted by the stipulated time to the correct address or portal; late proposals not accepted. All proposals on official forms. Bidders must register on the CSD. The RFP is subject to the Preferential Procurement Regulations 2022, the General Conditions of Contract, and any special conditions. Bidders must supply written proposals with price validity period, all-inclusive prices, delivery lead time, and company details. Bidders must return a signed Bidder's Disclosure. Delivery made directly to the delivery address. No goods or services before an official order. Bidders who consistently do not respond may be excluded. All pages must be initialled. Tax compliance: bidders must comply with tax obligations; consortia/JV/subcontractors each submit a separate CSD number; bidder's tax compliance checked on CSD at award. No proposals from persons in the service of the state unless proof of authority to undertake remunerative work outside the public sector.
Requirements
Source: Bid document -Project A.pdf (RFP)Eligibility criteria: Bidders must be registered on National Treasury's Central Supplier Database (CSD) and provide a CSD Summary Report. Bidders must be tax compliant at the time of award. Bidders must submit a completed and signed Bidder's Disclosure, SBD 6.1, and SBD 6.2. At least 3 written and contactable references are required. A valid BBBEE Status Level Verification Certificate or a sworn affidavit is required.
Data conflicts
None detected
Get deep intelligence on Other service activities. Unlock full pricing strategies, bid frequency, and historical win rates.